Mathematical Literacy Skills for Elementary School Students: A Comparative Study Between Interactive STEM Learning and Paper-and-Pencil STEM Learning
This study aimed to compare and examine the effectiveness of interactive STEM learning and paper-and-pencil STEM learning in terms of mathematical lit.
This study aimed to compare and examine the effectiveness of interactive STEM learning and paper-and-pencil STEM learning in terms of mathematical literacy skills of elementary school students. This research is of a quasi-experimental type with a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Sampling was carried out on the elementary school populations in Bengkulu and South Sumatra Provinces in two stages. In the first stage, schools in rural and urban areas were selected, and in the second, classes in each school were randomly selected. The selected sample consisted of fifth-grade students of the Public Elementary School of Terawas, Musi Rawas, with an experimental class A (n = 20) and an experimental class B (n = 19), as well as fifth-grade students of the Public Elementary School of Bengkulu City, with an experimental class A (n = 25) and an experimental class B (n = 22). Data collection was conducted using mathematical literacy skills tests in reference to the PISA and Minimum Competency Assessment (level 1–3). Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics; it employed an independent t-test for the comparative testing and an N-gain test for testing the effectiveness of STEM learning. The results showed that there were differences in math literacy skills between interactive STEM and paper-and-pencil STEM for students in urban schools, but not significantly different for students in rural schools. General STEM learning was effective in increasing the literacy of elementary school students, and interactive STEM in particular demonstrated the highest level of effectiveness in the urban school.
Keywords: Experimental research, interactive STEM, mathematical literacy, paper and pencil STEM.
References
Abouhashem, A., Abdou, R. M., Bhadra, J., Santhosh, M., Ahmad, Z., & Al-Thani, N. J. (2021). A Distinctive method of online interactive learning in STEM education. Sustainability, 13(24), Article 13909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413909
Acar, D., Tertemiz, N., & Taşdemir, A. (2018). The effects of STEM training on the academic achievement of 4th graders in science and mathematics and their views on STEM training teachers. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 10(4), 505-513. https://doi.org/10.26822/iejee.2018438141
Adeyemi, O. B., & Adaramola, M. O. (2014). Mathematical literacy as foundation for technological development in Nigeria. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 4(5), 28-31. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-04562831
Agnihotri, D., Kulshreshtha, K., & Tripathi, V. (2021). A study on firms’ communication based on artificial intelligence and its influence on customers’ complaint behavior in Social media environment. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1116, Article 012180. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012180
Ahyan, S., Turmudi, T., & Juandi, D. (2021). Bibliometric analysis of research on mathematical literacy in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1869, Article 012120. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1869/1/012120
Aiken, L. R. (1980). Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(4), 955-959. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316448004000419
Alper, B., Riche, N. H., Chevalier, F., Boy, J., & Sezgin, M. (2017). Visualization literacy at elementary school. In G. Mark & S. Fussell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 5485-5497). Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025877
Aritonang, I., & Safitri, I. (2021). Pengaruh blended learning terhadap peningkatan literasi matematika siswa [The effect of blended learning on increasing students' mathematical literacy]. Jurnal Cendekia: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 5(1), 735-743. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v5i1.555
Astuti, N. H., Rusilowati, A., & Subali, B. (2021). STEM-based learning analysis to improve students’ problem-solving abilities in science subject: A literature review. Journal of Innovative Science Education, 10(1), 79-86. https://doi.org/10.15294/JISE.V9I2.38505
Ayub, A. F. M., Yunus, A. S. M., Mahmud, R., Salim, N. R., & Sulaiman, T. (2017). Differences in students’ mathematics engagement between gender and between rural and urban schools. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1795(1), Article 020025. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4972169
Barry, D. M., Kanematsu, H., Nakahira, K., & Ogawa, N. (2018). A virtual workshop for creative teaching of STEM courses. Procedia Computer Science, 126, 927-936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.027
Basuki, I., & Hariyanto. (2014). Asesemen pembelajaran [Learning assessment]. PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Blackley, S., & Howell, J. (2015). A STEM narrative: 15 years in the making. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 40(7), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2015v40n7.8
Bybee, R. W. (2010). Advancing STEM education: A 2020 vision. Technology and Engineering Teacher, 70(1), 30-35. https://bit.ly/3Vu1nZ5
Center for Educational Assessment of the Ministry of Education and Culture. (2022). Asesmen kompetensi minimum [Minimum competency assessment]. https://bit.ly/3HwADl9
Chittum, J. R., Jones, B. D., Akalin, S., & Schram, Á. B. (2017). The effects of an afterschool STEM program on students’ motivation and engagement. International Journal of STEM Education, 4, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-017-0065-4
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Penelitian kualitatif & desain riset [Qualitative research & research design]. Pustaka Pelajar.
English, L. D., & King, D. T. (2015). STEM learning through engineering design: Fourth-grade students’ investigations in aerospace. International Journal of STEM Education, 2, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-015-0027-7
Estapa, A. T., & Tank, K. M. (2017). Supporting integrated STEM in the elementary classroom: A professional development approach centered on an engineering design challenge. International Journal of STEM Education, 4, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-017-0058-3
Evagorou, M., & Nisiforou, E. (2020). Engaging pre-service teachers in an online STEM fair during COVID-19. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 179-186. https://bit.ly/44kuQJ3
Firdaus, A. R., Wardani, D. S., Altaftazani, D. H., Kelana, J. B., & Rahayu, G. D. S. (2020). Mathematics learning in elementary school through engineering design process method with STEM approach. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1657, Article 012044. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1657/1/012044
Geiger, V., Goos, M., & Forgasz, H. (2015). A rich interpretation of numeracy for the 21st century: A survey of the state of the field. ZDM - Mathematics Education, 47, 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-015-0708-1
Hake, R. R. (1998). Interactive engagement versus traditional methods: A six-thousandstudent survey of mechanics tests data for introductory physics courses. American Journal of Physics, 66(1), 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1119/1.18809
Han, S., Capraro, R. M., & Capraro, M. M. (2016). How science, technology, engineering, and mathematics project based learning affects high-need students in the US. Learning and Individual Differences, 51, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.08.045
Hapsari, I. P., Saputro, T. V. D., & Sadewo, Y. D. (2022). Mathematical literacy profile of elementary school students in Indonesia: A scoping review. Journal of Educational Learning and Innovation, 2(2), 279-295. https://doi.org/10.46229/elia.v2i2.513
He, X., Li, T., Turel, O., Kuang, Y., Zhao, H., & He, Q. (2021). The impact of STEM education on mathematical development in children aged 5-6 years. International Journal of Educational Research, 109, Article 101795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2021.101795
Himawan, N. A., Jumadi, J., & Purwanto, E. (2020). Identifikasi kemampuan penalaran siswa kelas xi di man 4 bantul pada suhu dan kalor [Identification of reasoning ability of class xi students in man 4 bantul on temperature and heat]. Edusains, 12(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.15408/es.v12i1.12784
Indrasari, N., Parno, P., Hidayat, A., Purwaningsih, E., & Wahyuni, H. (2020). Designing and implementing STEM-based teaching materials of static fluid to increase scientific literacy skills. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2215, Article 050006. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0000532
Jehlicka, V., & Rejsek, O. (2018). A multidisciplinary approach to teaching mathematics and information and communication technology. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(5), 1705-1718. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/85109
Jošic, S., Pavešic, B. J., Gutvajn, N., & Rožman, M. (2022). Scaffolding the learning in rural and urban schools: Similarities and differences. IEA Research for Education, 13, 213-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85802-5_10
Kefalis, C., & Drigas, A. (2019). Web based and online applications in STEM education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy, 9(4), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v9i4.10691
Khusaini, K., & Muvera, M. (2020). Prestasi belajar dan karakteristik orang tua: Studi perbandingan sekolah menengah atas perkotaan-pedesaan [Learning achievement and parental characteristics: A comparative study of urban-rural senior high schools]. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Undiksha, 12(2), 296-310. https://bit.ly/Undiksa_jjpe
Kurup, P. M., Li, X., Powell, G., & Brown, M. (2019). Building future primary teachers’ capacity in STEM: Based on a platform of beliefs, understandings and intentions. International Journal of STEM Education, 6, Article 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-019-0164-5
Latifah, S., Yuberti, Y., & Agestiana, V. (2020). Pengembangan media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis hots menggunakan aplikasi lectora inspire [Development of HOTS-based interactive learning media using the Lectora Inspire application]. Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran Fisika, 11(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.26877/jp2f.v11i1.3851
Mahdalena, V., & Handayani, L. (2020). Perbedaan pengetahuan belajar siswa di desa dan di kota menggunakan media video [Differences in learning knowledge of students in villages and in cities using video media]. Jurnal Lingkar Studi Komunikasi, 6(2), 72-82. https://doi.org/10.25124/liski.v5i2.3206
Manolitsis, G., Georgiou, G. K., & Tziraki, N. (2013). Examining the effects of home literacy and numeracy environment on early reading and math acquisition. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28(4), 692-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2013.05.004
Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. (2021). Peraturan menteri pendidikan, kebudayaan, riset, dan teknologi no 17 tahun 2021 tentang asesmen nasional [Regulation of the minister of education, culture, research and technology no 17 of 2021 concerning national assessment]. https://bit.ly/44fzsjA
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2014). Peraturan menteri pendidikan dan kebudayaan no 59 tahun 2014 tentang kurikulum 2013 sekolah menengah atas/madrasah aliyah [Regulation of the minister of education and culture no 59 of 2014 concerning the 2013 curriculum for high schools/Madrasah Aliyah]. https://bit.ly/3VsbgX6
Ministry of Education and Culture. (2019). Media komunikasi dan isnpirasi jendela pendidikan dan kebudayaan: Digitalisasi sekolah mendayung generasi Indonesia maju [Communication media and inspiration for educational and cultural windows: Digitization of advanced Indonesian generation rowing schools]. https://bit.ly/3VqYQyU
Muhali, M. (2019). Pembelajaran inovatif abad ke-21 [Innovative learning on 21st century]. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan: e-Saintika, 3(2), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.36312/e-saintika.v3i2.126
Mujib, M., Mardiyah, M., & Suherman, S. (2020). STEM: Pengaruhnya terhadap literasi matematis dan kecerdasan multiple intelligences [STEM: Its Impact on Mathematical Literacy and Multiple Intelligences]. Indonesian Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 3(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.24042/ijsme.v3i1.5448
Mullis, I. V., & Martin, M. O. (2017). TIMSS 2019 assessment frameworks. TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center, Lynch School of Education, Boston College and International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). https://bit.ly/Assessment_Frameworks
Nahdi, D. S. (2019). Mengembangkan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi (higher order thinking skills) siswa dalam pembelajaran matematika [Developing students' higher order thinking skills in learning mathematics]. Jurnal Elementaria Edukasia, 2(1), 46-53. https://doi.org/10.31949/jee.v2i1.1270
Nieveen, N. (1999). Prototyping to reach product quality. In J. van den Akker, R. M. Branch, K. Gustafson, N. Nieveen & T. Plomp (Eds.), Design approaches and tools in education and training (pp. 125-135). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4255-7_10
Nurcahyo, M. A. (2020). Penggunaan multimedia interaktif untuk meningkatkan literasi digital siswa SMP pada mata pelajaran IPA [Use of interactive multimedia to increase middle school students' digital literacy in science subjects]. Jurnal Pendidikan Informatika dan Sains 9(2), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.31571/saintek.v9i2.2077
Ojose, B. (2011). Mathematics literacy: Are we able to put the mathematics we learn into everyday use. Journal of Mathematics Education 4(1), 89-100. https://bit.ly/3ppWnZW
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2013). PISA 2012 assessment and analytical framework: Mathematics, reading, science, problem solving and financial literacy. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264190511-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2014). PISA 2012 results: What students know and can do – Student performance in mathematics, reading and science (Volume I, Revised ed.). https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264208780-en
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. (2019). PISA 2018 results: Combined executive summaries (Vol. I, II & III). https://bit.ly/3XuBCZG
Ozgul, F., Kangalgil, M., Diker, G., & Yamen, E. (2018). Evaluation of the constructivist learning environments of Physical Education teacher candidates. European Journal of Educational Research, 7(3), 653-659, https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.7.3.653
Pambudi, D., Wulandari, A. N., & Sutopo. (2018). Upaya meningkatkan kemampuan guru SD dalam pembuatan media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis TIK untuk meningkatkan literasi matematika siswa [Efforts to improve the ability of elementary school teachers in making ICT-based interactive learning media to improve students' mathematical literacy]. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan Matematika, 2(5), 371-376. https://bit.ly/40LErpt
Pantiwati, Y., Kusniarti, T., Permana, F. H., Nurrohman, E., & Sari, T. N. I. (2022). The effects of the blended project-based literacy that integrates school literacy movement strengthening character education learning model on metacognitive skills, critical thinking, and opinion expression. European Journal of Educational Research, 12(1), 145-158 https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.12.1.145
Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2014). Framework for 21st century learning. https://bit.ly/434Io9y
Putra, R. W. Y., & Indriani, P. (2017). Implementasi etnomatematika berbasis budaya lokal dalam pembelajaran matematika pada jenjang sekolah dasar [Implementation of local culture-based ethnomathematics in mathematics learning at the elementary school level]. Numerical, 1(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.25217/numerical.v1i1.118
Rakhmawati, Y., & Mustadi, A. (2022). The circumstances of literacy numeracy skill: Between notion and fact from elementary school students. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 10(1), 9-18. http://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v10i1.36427
Sagala, R., Umam, R., Thahir, A., Saregar, A., & Wardani, I. (2019). The effectiveness of stem-based on gender differences: The impact of physics concept understanding. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(3), 753-761. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.3.753
Sandi, G. (2021). Pengaruh pendekatan STEM untuk meningkatkan pemahaman konsep elektroplating, keterampilan berpikir kritis dan bekerja sama [The influence of the STEM approach to improve understanding of electroplating concepts, critical thinking and teamwork skills]. Indonesian Journal of Educational Development, 1(4), 578-585. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4559843
Shafie, H., Majid, F. A., & Ismail, I. S. (2019). Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) in teaching 21st century skills in th21st century classroom. Asian Journal University Education, 15(3), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v15i3.7818
Shin, D. D., Lee, M., & Bong, M. (2022). Science utility value intervention for elementary school students: A six-month follow-up study. International Journal of Educational Research, 113, Article 101954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2022.101954
Sirajudin, N., Suratno, J., & Pamuti. (2021). Developing creativity through STEM education. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1806, Article 012211. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1806/1/012211
Stacey, K., & Turner, R. (2015). Assessing mathematical literacy: The PISA experience. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10121-7
Steen, L. A. (2002). Mathematics and numeracy: Two literacies, one language. The Mathematics Educator, 6(1), 10-16. https://bit.ly/3NypJz0
Stehle, S. M., & Peters-Burton, E. E. (2019). Developing student 21st Century skills in selected exemplary inclusive STEM high schools. International Journal of STEM education, 6(1), Article 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-019-0192-1
Stipek, D., Newton, S., & Chudgar, A. (2010). Learning-related behaviors and literacy achievement in elementary school-aged children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 25(3), 385-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2009.12.001
Susanta, A., Koto, I., & Susanto, E. (2022). Teachers' ability in writing mathematical literacy module based on local context. Education Quarterly Reviews, 5(3), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.05.03.536
Susanta, A., Sumardi, H., & Zulkardi, Z. (2022). Development of e-module using Bengkulu contexts to improve literacy skills of junior high school students. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 16(2), 171-186. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.16.2.17698.171-186
Susanto, E., Fransiska, H., & Susanta, A. (2023). Students’ numerical ability on minimum competency assessment in junior high school. International Journal of Trends in Mathematics Education Research, 6(1), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.33122/ijtmer.v6i1.175
Sutaphan, S., & Yuenyong, C. (2019). STEM Education Teaching approach: Inquiry from the context based. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1340, Article 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1340/1/012003
Thingwiangthong, P., Termtachatipongsa, P., & Yuenyong, C. (2021). Status quo and needs of STEM Education curriculum to enhance creative problem-solving competency. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1835, Article 012089. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1835/1/012089
Trilling, B., & Fadel, C. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Widarti, N. F., & Winarti. (2019). Analisis kemampuan penalaran (reasoning skill) siswa tentang usaha dan energi di MA Mu’allimaat Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta [Analysis of students' reasoning skills about business and energy at MA Mu'allimaat Mmuhammadiyah Yogyakarta]. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Fisika, 4(2), 79-84. https://bit.ly/44mMdrN
Wijaya, A., & Dewayani, S. (2021). Framework asesmen kompetensi minimum (AKM) [Minimum competency assessment framework (MCA)]. Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan.
Wijaya, E. Y., Sudjimat, D. A., & Nyoto, A. (2016). Transformasi pendidikan abad 21 sebagai tuntutan pengembangan sumber daya manusia di era global [Transformation of 21st century education as a demand for human resource development in the global era]. In T. Fayeldi., R. Nur., V. Suwanti., & Y. Ika (Eds.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Matematika [Proceedings of the National Seminar on Mathematics Education] (pp. 263-278). Universitas Kanjuruhan Malang.
Wijayanti, P. S., & Anggraeni, G. (2020). Level kemampuan literasi matematis pada buku tematik terpadu untuk siswa kelas 6 tema selamatkan makhluk hidup [Mathematical literacy ability levels in integrated thematic books for grade 6 students with the theme save living things]. JIKAP PGSD: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kependidikan, 4(3), 311-317. https://doi.org/10.26858/jkp.v4i3.14849
Yıldırım, B., & Sidekli, S. (2018). STEM applications in mathematics education: The effect of STEM applications on different dependent variables. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 17(2), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/18.17.200
Yuberti, Y., Komikesari, H., & Lubis, M. (2022). Developing STEM-based interactive e-books to improve students’ science literacy. Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan Dan Ilmu Tarbiyah, 7(1), 177-188. https://doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v7i1.10914