Relationship between Mentors’ Roles and Mentees’ Leadership Development: The Mediating Role of Mentees’ Self-efficacy
Aminudin Mokhtar
,
Azman Ismail
,
Mustafa Zihni Tunca
,
Suja Unni Krishnan
,
Nurul Aini Othman
Limited latest studies circulated in the 21st century of world university ranking reveal that well-designed mentoring programs will not increase mente.
- Pub. date: October 15, 2023
- Pages: 1719-1730
- 376 Downloads
- 1080 Views
- 0 Citations
Limited latest studies circulated in the 21st century of world university ranking reveal that well-designed mentoring programs will not increase mentees’ leadership development if mentors have not implemented effective roles in the mentoring programs. Although many studies have been done, the mediating effect of mentors’ roles is little known in the tertiary education mentoring research literature. This study is done to examine the correlation between mentors’ roles, mentees’ self-efficacy, and mentees’ leadership development. This study employed a cross-sectional research design. A purposive sampling plan was employed to collect 761 survey questionnaires from undergraduate students at non-research-based public universities in Sarawak. The survey data were analyzed by the SmartPLS package to determine the validity and reliability of the study instrument, and thus test hypotheses for the direct effects model and mediating model. The outcomes of the SmartPLS path model analysis showed that the majority of participants felt that the levels of information exchange, help, self-efficacy, and leadership development are high. This situation explains that the ability of mentors to appropriately implement information exchange and help in mentoring programs has strongly evoked mentees’ self-efficacy. Consequently, this self-efficacy can lead to higher leadership development. This finding can help practitioners to understand the diverse paradigms of mentees’ self-efficacy concept and plan the integration of academic and social-based approaches in formulating mentoring programs to prepare successful graduates in a time of rapid global change.
Keywords: mentees’ leadership development, mentees’ self-efficacy, mentors’ roles
References
Abdullah, N. A., Ismail, A., Latif, M. F. A., & Omar, N. (2015). Peranan program pementoran dalam meningkatkan kejayaan menti: Kajian empirikal amalan komunikasi di sebuah universiti awam Malaysia [Mentoring program roles in enhancing mentees’ success: An empirical study of communication practices at a Malaysian public university]. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 11(10), 89–100. http://journalarticle.ukm.my/9536/
Akyavuz, E. K., & Asıcı, E. (2021). The effect of volunteer management mentoring program on mentors’ entrepreneurship tendency and leadership self-efficacy. Participatory Educational Research, 8(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.26.8.2
Andersen, C. L., & West, R. E. (2020). Improving mentoring in higher education in undergraduate education and exploring implications for online learning. Revista de Educación a Distancia, 20(64), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.6018/red.408671
Astin, H. S., & Astin, A. W. (1996). A social change model of leadership development: Guidebook: Version III. Higher Education Research Institute at the University of California.
Bagheri, A., Lope Pihie, Z. A., & Krauss, S. E. (2013). Entrepreneurial leadership competencies among Malaysian university student entrepreneurial leaders. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 33(4), 493–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2013.822789
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (pp. 71–81). Academic Press.
Baroudi, S., & David, S. A. (2020). Nurturing female leadership skills through peer mentoring role: A study among undergraduate students in the United Arab Emirates. Higher Education Quarterly, 74(4), 458–474. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12249
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
Byrne, V. L., Jardine, H. E., Williams, A. Y., & Donlan, A. E. (2022). Academic peer mentorship as a leadership development experience: Fostering leadership self-efficacy. The Journal of Leadership Education, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.12806/v21/i1/r1
Campbell, C. M., Smith, M., Dugan, J. P., & Komives, S. R. (2012). Mentors and college student leadership outcomes: The importance of position and process. Review of Higher Education, 35(4), 595–625. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2012.0037
Chelberg, K., & Bosman, L. (2020). American Indian college student mentoring: A study to measure changes in self-efficacy. Education Sciences, 10(2), Article 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10020038
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis Inc.
Coupland, N., Coupland, J., Giles, H., & Henwood, K. (1988). Accommodating the elderly: Invoking and extending a theory. Language in Society, 17(1), 1–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4167896
Crisp, G. (2016). Promising practices and programs: Current efforts and future directions. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2016(175), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.20216
Dugan, J. P. (2006). Explorations using the social change model: Leadership development among college men and women. Journal of College Student Development, 47(2), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.1353/CSD.2006.0015
Dugan, J. P., & Komives, S. R. (2007). Developing leadership capacity in college students: Findings from a national study (A report from the multi-institutional study of leadership). National Clearinghouse for Leadership Programs. https://bit.ly/3oIKwFF
Giles, H. (1973). Communicative effectiveness as a function of accented speech. Speech Monographs, 40(4), 330–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637757309375813
Giles, H., & Ogay, T. (2007). Communication accommodation theory. In B. B. Whaley, & W. Samter (Eds.), Explaining communication: Contemporary theories and exemplars (pp. 293-310). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. In R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), New challenges to international marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277–319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Hernandez, P. R., Estrada, M., Woodcock, A., & Schultz, P. W. (2017). Protégé perceptions of high mentorship quality depend on shared values more than on demographic match. Journal of Experimental Education, 85(3), 450–468. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2016.1246405
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Ismail, A., Abdullah, N. A., Zaiedy, N. I., Ghani, A. A., & Omar, N. (2015). Mentoring program as an instrument of enhancing mentees’ self- efficacy. Acta Universitatis Danubius, 9(1), 14–32. https://bit.ly/3XByknA
Ismail, A., Ibrahim, N., & Keliwon, K. B. (2021). Mentor-mentee interaction and mentees’ psychosocial development: The mediating effect of mentees’ self-efficacy. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 21(94), 79–100. https://bit.ly/43c1Zop
Ismail, A., Omar, N., & Abdullah, N. A. (2017). Mentoring communication practices and their relationship with study performance. Jurnal Personalia Pelajar, 20(2), 49–57. https://bit.ly/41XP35x
Kamali Arslantaş, T., & Kocagöz, O. E. (2021). Examining the mentoring process in collaborative project-based learning of preservice instructional technology teachers. Education Reform Journal, 6(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.22596/erj2021.06.01.47.61
Kanten, S., Kanten, P., & Ülker, F. (2017). The effects of mentoring functions on career adaptabilities and career self-efficacy: The role of career optimism. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 2(7), 259–272. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i2.p259-272
Lejonberg, E., & Tiplic, D. (2016). Clear mentoring: Contributing to mentees’ professional self-confidence and intention to stay in their job. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 24(4), 290–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2016.1252110
Levinson, D. J. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. Knopf.
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. (2015). Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia (PPPM) 2015-2025 (Pendidikan Tinggi) [Malaysia Education Blueprint (MEB) 2015-2025 (Higher Education)]. https://bit.ly/3LvURh1
Napierkowski, D., & Migliore, D. A. (2022). Paid mentors develop leadership skills and promote socialization into nursing. Nursing Education Perspectives, 43(6), E56–E58. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000975
Nikoçeviq-Kurti, E. (2022). Predictive power of five-factor mentoring model on student teachers’ teaching self-efficacy beliefs. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(3), 1245–1257. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.3.1245
Noori, A. Q. (2021). Students’ experiences of their leadership development through the leadership subject taught in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Journal of World Englishes and Educational Practices, 3(8), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.32996/jweep.2021.3.8.1
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Pajares, F., & Schunk, D. H. (2005). Self-efficacy and self-concept beliefs: Jointly contributing to the quality of human life. In H. W. Marsh, R. G. Craven, & D. M. McInerney (Eds.), International advances in self research (pp. 95–122). Age Publishing.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Poh, R., & Kanesan Abdullah, A. G. B. K. (2019). Factors influencing students’ research self-efficacy: A case study of university students in Malaysia. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 82, 137-168. https://bit.ly/3AvnJ2J
Propst, D. B., & Koesler, R. A. (1998). Bandura goes outdoors: Role of self‐efficacy in the outdoor leadership development process. Leisure Sciences, 20(4), 319–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409809512289
Rayle, A. D., Kurpius, S. E. R., & Arredondo, P. (2006). Relationship of self-beliefs, social support, and university comfort with the academic success of freshman college women. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 8(3), 325–343. https://doi.org/10.2190/R237-6634-4082-8Q18
Said, H., Pemberton, C. L. A., & Ahmad, I. (2013). Effectiveness of leadership training programs in public universities of Malaysia in developing students’ knowledge of leadership. World Applied Sciences Journal, 28(1), 1–8. https://idosi.org/wasj/wasj28(1)13/1.pdf
Salas, R., Aragon, A., Alandejani, J., & Timpson, W. M. (2014). Mentoring experiences and latina/o university student persistence. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 13(4), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1538192714532814
Schlesinger, J., O’Shea, C., & Blesso, J. (2021). Undergraduate student career development and career center services: Faculty perspectives. The Career Development Quarterly, 69(2), 145–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12255
Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2019). Evidenced-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research (4th ed.). Jones and Bartlett.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. (7th ed.). Wiley & Sons, West Sussex.
Shmueli, G., Ray, S., Velasquez Estrada, J. M., & Chatla, S. B. (2016). The elephant in the room: Predictive performance of PLS models. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4552–4564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.049
Tinoco-Giraldo, H., Torrecilla Sánchez, E. M., & García-Peñalvo, F. J. (2020). E-mentoring in higher education: A structured literature review and implications for future research. Sustainability, 12(11), Article 4344. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114344
Tinto, V. (1975). Dropout from higher education: A theoretical synthesis of recent research. Review of Educational Research, 45(1), 89–125. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543045001089
Tobin, M. J. (2004). Mentoring: Seven roles and some specifics. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170(2), 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2405004
Tominaga, A., & Kogo, C. (2018). Attributes of good e-learning mentors according to learners. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(8), 1777–1783. https://doi.org/10.13189/UJER.2018.060822
van Dinther, M., Dochy, F., & Segers, M. (2011). Factors affecting students’ self-efficacy in higher education. Educational Research Review, 6(2), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2010.10.003
Villa, L. K., Ruth, A., Luchmun, R., & Cantú, E. (2022). Increasing self-efficacy in mentoring relationships for aspiring entrepreneurs in community colleges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 46(10), 693–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2021.1896397
Yue, X., & Ye, Y. (2022). The development of a training program to improve students’ social leadership capacity in normal Universities of Yunnan Province, China. Scholar: Human Sciences, 14(1), 373–387. https://bit.ly/425oont