logo logo European Journal of Educational Research

EU-JER is is a, peer reviewed, online academic research journal.

Subscribe to

Receive Email Alerts

for special events, calls for papers, and professional development opportunities.

Subscribe

Publisher (HQ)

Eurasian Society of Educational Research
Eurasian Society of Educational Research
Christiaan Huygensstraat 44, Zipcode:7533XB, Enschede, THE NETHERLANDS
Eurasian Society of Educational Research
Headquarters
Christiaan Huygensstraat 44, Zipcode:7533XB, Enschede, THE NETHERLANDS
Research Article

Strategies for Parental Involvement during Emergency Remote Teaching Scale: Its Psychometric Properties

Princess Zarla J. Raguindin , Ruby Leah S. Lising , Zhanina U. Custodio

Recently, Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) has caused a considerable interest in the school community due to the wide-scale lockdown brought about by t.

R

Recently, Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) has caused a considerable interest in the school community due to the wide-scale lockdown brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. The curriculum's alteration necessitated a call to explore mechanisms for effective remote instruction delivery—including parental involvement. This research determined the psychometric properties of the "Strategies for Parental Involvement during Emergency Remote Teaching - Scale (SPIERT-S). The tool assesses the strategies used by teachers to facilitate parental involvement during ERT. Through a thorough literature review, 22 items about home and school collaboration and ERT were initially developed. Evidence related to content validity was established through two-round expert consultation, while data related to construct validity were gathered through factor analyses. The content validity analysis resulted in the deletion of four (4) items; hence, 18 items were retained. A three-factor structure was yielded from Exploratory Factor Analysis (parents as facilitators of learning, parents as sources of information, and parents as collaborators), and a total of 15 items were retained. The confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable level of the goodness-of-fit indices measured. The internal consistency of the factors and the whole scale showed excellent reliability. The results suggest that the SPIERT-S has good, valid, and reliable psychometric qualities and can be used to examine the strategies for parental involvement that teachers utilize during emergency remote teaching. Recommendations and limitations of the study are discussed.

Keywords: Emergency remote teaching, home and school collaboration, parental involvement, Epstein's typology.

cloud_download PDF
Cite
Article Metrics
Views
686
Download
1045
Citations
Crossref
6

Scopus
5

References

Acevedo-Gil, N. (2016). Critical race case study on college choice: Racialization in school culture and climate. In G. Conchas & B. M. Hinga (Eds.), Cracks in the schoolyard: Confronting Latino educational inequality (pp. 37–53). Teachers College Press.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005

Castro, M., Exposito-Casas, E., Lopez-Martin, E., Lizasoain, L., Navarro-Asencion, E., & Gavria, J. L. (2015). Parental involvement on student academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review 14, 33–46.

Christenson, S. L., & Sheridan, S. (2001). School and families: Creating essential connections for learning. The Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10101

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2002). Research methods in education. Routledge.

Deng, L., Zhou, N., Nie, R., Jin, P., Yang, M., & Fang, X. (2018). Parent-teacher partnership and high school students’ development in mainland China: the mediating role of teacher-student relationship. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 38(1), 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2017.1361904

Deng, M., Wang, S., Guan, W., & Wang, Y. (2016). The development and initial validation of a questionnaire of inclusive teachers’ competency for meeting special educational needs in regular classroom. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 21(4), 416-427. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2016.1197326

Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2000). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninititated. SAGE.

Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in china during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029

Eccles, J. S., & Harold, R. D. (1996). Family involvement in children’s and adolescents’ schooling. In A. Booth & J. F. Dunn (Eds.), Family-school links: How do they affect educational outcomes? (pp. 3–34). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.

Edwards, J. R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs and measures. Psychological Methods, 5(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.5.2.155

Epstein, J. (2010). School/family/community partnerships: Caring for the children we share. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(3), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/003172171009200326

Epstein, J. L. (2013). Ready or not? Preparing future educators for school, family, and community partnerships. Teaching Education, 24, 115–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2013.786887

Epstein, J. L. (2018). School, family, and community partnerships in teachers’ professional work. Journal of Education for Teaching, 44(3), 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607476.2018.1465669

Epstein, J. L., & Dauber, S. L. (1991). School programs and teacher practices of parent involvement in inner-city elementary and middle schools. The Elementary School Journal, 91(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1086/461656

Fauzi, I., & Sastra Khusuma, I. H. (2020). Teachers’ elementary school in online learning of COVID-19 pandemic conditions. Iqra’  Journal: Study of Educational Science / Jurnal Iqra’ : Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(1), 58-70. https://doi.org/10.25217/ji.v5i1.914

Hair, J. F., Black, W.C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). Pearson International Education.

Hampden-Thompson, G., & Galindo, C. (2017). School–family relationships, school satisfaction and the academic achievement of young people. Educational Review, 69(2), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2016.1207613

Hartas, D. (2015). Patterns of parental involvement in selected OECD countries: Cross-national analyses of PISA. European Journal of Educational Research, 4(4), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.4.4.185

Hartshorne, R., Baumgartner, E., Kaplan-rakowski, R., Mouza, C., & Ferdig, R. (2020). Preservice and inservice professional development during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 28(2), 137-147.

Hill, N. E., Witherspoon, D. P., & Bartz, D. (2018). Parental involvement in education during middle school: Perspectives of ethnically diverse parents, teachers, and students. Journal of Educational Research, 111(1), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2016.1190910

Hirsto, L. (2010). Strategies in home and school collaboration among early education teachers. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 54(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313831003637857

Hodges, C., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning. EduCAUSE Review. https://cutt.ly/0jnPUyJ.

Hornby, G., & Blackwell, I. (2018). Barriers to parental involvement in education: An update. Educational Review, 70(1), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2018.1388612

Ihmeideh, F., AlFlasi, M., Al-Maadadi, F., Coughlin, C., & Al-Thani, T. (2018). Perspectives of family–school relationships in Qatar based on Epstein’s model of six types of parent involvement. Early Years, 40(2), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2018.1438374

Jackson, D. L., Gillaspy, J. A., & Purc-Stephenson, R. (2009). Reporting practices in confirmatory factor analysis: An overview and some recommendations. Psychological Methods, 14(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014694

Kim, E. M., & Sheridan, S. M. (2015). Foundational aspects of family-school connections: Definitions, conceptual frameworks, and research needs. In S. Sheridan & E. Kim (Eds.), Foundational aspects of family-school partenrship research (pp. 1–14). Springer.

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed). Guilford Press.

Kovacic, D. (2017). Using the content validity index to determine content validity of an instrument assessing health care provider’s general knowledge of human trafficking. Journal of Human Trafficking, 4(4), 327-335.

Lau, E. Y. H., Li, H., & Rao, N. (2012). Exploring parental involvement in early years education in China: Development and validation of the Chinese Early Parental Involvement Scale (CEPIS). International Journal of Early Years Education, 20(4), 405–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2012.743099

Lavrakas, P. (Ed.). (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. SAGE Publications Inc.

Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 382–385.

Mo, Y., & Singh, K. (2008). Parents’ relationships and involvement: Effects on students’ school engagement and performance. RMLE Online, 31(10), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2008.11462053

Morrow, L. (2012). Literacy development in the early years: helping children read and write (7th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.

Mulder, M. (2014). Conceptions of professional competence. In S. Billet, C. Harteis, & H. Gruber (Eds.), International handbook of research in professional and practice-based learning (pp. 107–137). Springer.

Nathans, L., & Revelle, C. (2013). An analysis of cultural diversity and recurring themes in preservice teachers’ online discussions of Epstein’s six types of parent involvement. Teaching Education, 24(2), 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2013.786890

Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2006). The content validity index: Are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health, 29(50), 497.

Polit, D., Beck, C. T., & Owen, S. (2007). Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Research in Nursing and Health, 30(4), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199

Punter, R. A., Glas, C. A. W., & Meelissen, M. R. M. (2016). Psychometric Framework for Modeling Parental Involvement and Reading Literacy. (IEA research for education; No. vol. 1). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28064-6

Raguindin, P. Z. J. (2020). Integrating concepts and expressions of inclusion in the K – curriculum: The case of the philippines. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.305

Rea, L., & Parker, R. (2014). Desingning and conducting survey research. A comprehensive guide (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Richmond, G., Bartell, T., Cho, C., Gallagher, A., He, Y., Petchauer, E., & Curiel, L. C. (2020). Home/ school: Research imperatives, learning settings, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Teacher Education, 71(5), 503–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487120961574

Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–74.

Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2

 United Nations Scientific, Educaitonal and Cultural Organization. (2015). SDG4-Education 2030, Incheon Declaration (ID) and Framework for Action. For the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4, Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Lifelong Learning Opportunities for All, ED-2016/WS/28.

Viner, R. M., Russell, S. J., Croker, H., Packer, J., Ward, J., Stansfield, C. Mytton, O., Bonell, C., & Booy, R. (2020). School closure and management practices during coronavirus outbreaks including COVID-19: A rapid systematic review. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30095-X

Waseem, S., Nayar, S. K., Hull, P., Carrothers, A., Rawal, J., Chou, D., & Khanduja, V. (2020). The global burden of trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2020.11.005

Watkins, M. W. (2018). Exploratory factor analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(3), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418771807

Whitelaw, S., Mamas, M. A., Topol, E., & Van Spall, H. G. C. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. The Lancet Digital Health, 2(8), e435–e440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30142-4

Whittle, C., Tiwari, S., Yan, S., & Williams, J. (2020). Emergency remote teaching environment: a conceptual framework for responsive online teaching in crises. Information and Learning Science, 121(56), 311-319. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0099

Wilder, S. (2014). Effects of parental involvement on academic achievement: A meta-synthesis. Taylor & Francis, 66(3), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2013.780009

Williams, B., Brown, T., & Onsman, A. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.33151/ajp.8.3.93

Yulianti, K., Denessen, E., Droop, M., & Veerman, G. J. (2019). Transformational Leadership for Parental Involvement: How Teachers Perceive the School Leadership Practices to Promote Parental Involvement in Children’s Education. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 18(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2019.1668424

Zamanzadeh, V., Gharhramanian, A., Rassouli, M., Abbaszadeh, A., & Alavi, H. (2015). Design and implementation of content validity study: Development of an instrument for measuring patient-centered communication. Journal of Caring Sciences 4(5), 165–178.

Zhang, T. (2020). Learning from the emergency remote teaching-learning in China when primary and secondary schools were disrupted by COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(55), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-40889/v1

...