Abdul Rahim, N., & Abdullah, A. H. (2017). Kesediaan guru matematik sekolah menengah dalam melaksanakan proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran abad Ke-21 [The readiness of middle school mathematics teachers in implementing the 21st century learning and teaching process]. In A. H. Abdullah & N. F. Jumaat (Eds.), isu-isu pendidikan kontemporari [Contemporary education issues] (pp. 567-584). Fakulti Pendidikan, UTM, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. http://eprints.utm.my/84712/  

Adiyanta, F. S. (2019). Hukum dan studi penelitian empiris: Penggunaan metode survey sebagai instrumen penelitian hukum empiris [Law and empirical research studies: The use of survey methods as an empirical legal research instrument]. Administrative Law and Governance Journal, 2(4), 697-709. https://doi.org/10.14710/alj.v2i4.697-709

Amran, N., & Rosli, R. (2017). Teachers’ understanding in 21st century skills. In Prosiding Persidangan Antarabangsa Sains Sosial & Kemanusiaan [Proceedings of the International Conference of Social Sciences & Humanities] (pp. 1-30). National University of Malaysia.

Andujar, A., & Nadif, F. Z. (2022). Evaluating an inclusive blended learning environment in EFL: A flipped approach. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 35(5-6), 1138-1167. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2020.1774613

Angeli, C. (2022). The effects of scaffolded programming scripts on pre-service teachers’ computational thinking: Developing algorithmic thinking through programming robots. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 31, Article 100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100329  

Angeli, C., & Valanides, N. (2020). Developing young children's computational thinking with educational robotics: An interaction effect between gender and scaffolding strategy. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, Article 104083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.03.018

Arkin, R. C. (1998). Behavior-based robotics. MIT Press.

Bernard, H. R. (2002). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative methods (3rd ed.). AltaMira Press.

Borgstede, M., & Scholz, M. (2021). Quantitative and qualitative approaches to generalization and replication–A representationalist view. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 605191. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.605191

Bratzel, B. (2005). Physics by design. College House Enterprises.

Bravo, F. A., Hurtado, J. A., & González, E. (2021). Using robots with storytelling and drama activities in science education. Education Sciences, 11(7), Article 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11070329

Brinia, V., Selimi, P., Dimos, A., & Kondea, A. (2022). The impact of communication on the effectiveness of educational organizations. Education Sciences, 12(3), Article 170. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030170

Buasuwan, P., Suebnusorn, W., Butkatunyoo, O., Manowaluilou, N., Kaewchinda, M., Lalitpasan, U., Srilapo, N., Sarnswang, S., Suksiri, W., Wiboonuppatham, R., & Sripongpankul, S. (2022). Re-envisioning a “skills framework” to meet 21st century demands: What do young people need? Frontiers in Education. 7, Article 1004748. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.1004748

Can, B., Yıldız-Demirtaş, V., & Altun, E. (2017). The effect of project-based science education programme on scientific process skills and conceptions of kindergarten students. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 16(3), 395-413. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/17.16.395

Challinger, J. (2005). Efficient use of robots in the undergraduate curriculum. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin. 37(1), 436-440. https://doi.org/10.1145/1047124.1047486

Ching, Y.-H., Yang, D., Wang, S., Baek, Y., Swanson, S., & Chittoori, B. (2019). Elementary school student development of stem attitudes and perceived learning in a stem integrated robotics curriculum. TechTrends, 63, 590-601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-019-00388-0

Chonghui, L. (2020, August 23). Don’t kill interest in the sciences. The Star. https://bit.ly/4avKJPw

Chu, S. K. W., Renolds, R. B., Tavares, N. J., Notari, M., & Lee, C. W. Y.  (2017). 21st century skills development through inquiry-based learning: From theory to practice. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2481-8

Danelid, F., & Fältman, E. (2021). Increasing physical activity with gamification: Exploring competitiveness as a moderator for leaderboard effectiveness. [Bachelor's thesis, Umeå University]. UMU Diva Portal. https://bit.ly/3xzKp3z

Darmawansah, D., Hwang, G.-J., Chen, M.-R. A., & Liang, J.-C. (2023). Trends and research foci of robotics-based STEM education: A systematic review from diverse angles based on the technology-based learning model. International Journal of STEM Education, 10, Article 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-023-00400-3

Diken, S. (2022). Using educational robotics to determine secondary school students' attitude change towards STEM. [Bachelor’s thesis, University of Twente]. University Of Twente Student Theses. https://essay.utwente.nl/91601/

Duta, N., Panisoara, G., & Panisoara, I.-O. (2015). The effective communication in teaching. diagnostic study regarding the academic learning motivation to students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 186, 1007-1012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.064

El Sadik, A., & Al Abdulmonem, W. (2021). Improvement in student performance and perceptions through a flipped anatomy classroom: Shifting from passive traditional to active blended learning. Anatomical Sciences Education, 14(4), 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ase.2015

Farooq, F., Rathore, F. A., & Mansoor, S. N. (2020). Challenges of online medical education in Pakistan during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 30, 67-69. https://doi.org/10.29271/jcpsp.2020.Supp1.S67

Friedrich, A. L., Ulber, D., & Friedrich, P. (2020). The problems with teamwork, and how to solve them. Routledge.

Gill, J., & Johnson, P. (2010). Research methods for managers (4th ed.). Sage.

Gürbüz, S. (2017). Survey as a quantitative research method. In B. Aydın & E. Şahin (Eds.), Research methods and techniques in public relations and advertising (pp. 141-162). Peter Lang. https://doi.org/10.3726/b10899

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Pearson.

Hairida, & Junanto, T. (2018). The effectiveness of performance assessment in project-based learning by utilizing local potential to increase science literacy. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 2, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v2i0.25722

Hirtz, J. A. (2020). Does the interactive push-presentation system Nearpod effect student engagement in high school anatomy? [Doctoral dissertation, Liberty University]. Digital Commons. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/doctoral/2422

Höllig, C. E., Tumasjan, A., & Welpe, I. M. (2020). Individualizing gamified systems: The role of trait competitiveness and leaderboard design. Journal of Business Research, 106, 288-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.046

Hughes, C. E., Dieker, L. A., Glavey, E. M., Hines, R. A., Wilkins, I., Ingraham, K., Bukaty, C. A., Ali, K., Shah, S., Murphy, J., & Taylor, M. S. (2022). RAISE: Robotics & AI to improve STEM and social skills for elementary school students. Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3, Article 968312. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2022.968312

Husain, H., & Aziz, H. (2022). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to measure the validity and reliability constructs of historical thinking skills, Tpack, and application of historical thinking skills. International Journal of Education, Psychology, and Counseling, 7(46), 608-623. https://doi.org/10.35631/IJEPC.746046

Ioannou, A., & Makridou, E. (2018). Exploring the potentials of educational robotics in the development of computational thinking: A summary of current research and practical proposal for future work. Education and Information Technologies, 23, 2531-2544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9729-z

Iosup, A., & Epema, D. (2014). An experience report on using gamification in technical higher education. In The 45th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, SIGCSE '14 (pp. 27-32). Association for Computing Machinery, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2538899

Jahromi, V. K., Tabatabaee, S. S., Abdar, Z. E., & Rajabi, M. (2016). Active listening: The key of successful communication in hospital managers. Electronic Physician, 8(3), 2123-2128. https://doi.org/10.19082/2123

Kaloti-Hallak, F., Armoni, M., & Ben-Ari, M. (2019). The effect of robotics activities on learning the engineering design process. Informatics in Education, 18(1), 105-129. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2019.05

Kalyuga, S., & Plass, J. L. (2009). Evaluating and managing cognitive load in games. In R. E. Ferdig (Ed.), Handbook of research on effective electronic gaming in education (pp. 719-737). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/9781599048086.ch041

Konting, M. M. (2005). Kaedah penyelidikan Pendidikan [Educational research methods] (7th ed.). Dewan Bahasa Dan Pustaka.

Kukard, K. (2020). Creating a collaborative learning environment online and in a blended history environment during Covid-19. Yesterday and Today, 24, 205-218. https://bit.ly/3UgAOYu

Langworthy, M. (2013). 21st century learning design: Learning that matters [PowerPoint slides]. https://bit.ly/3vS48LA

Lemke, C. (2002). NCREL’s enGauge: 21st century skills: Digital literacies for a digital age. North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. https://bit.ly/3vXhqq3

Lopez-Belmonte, J., Segura-Robles, A., Moreno-Guerrero, A.-J., & Parra-González, M.-E. (2021). Robotics in education: A scientific mapping of the literature in Web of Science. Electronics, 10(3), Article 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030291

Lopez-Caudana, E., Ramirez-Montoya, M. S., Martínez-Pérez, S., & Rodríguez-Abitia, G. (2020). Using robotics to enhance active learning in mathematics: A multi-scenario study. Mathematics, 8(12), Article 2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/math8122163

Lowry-Brock, M. R. (2016). The effect of using Nearpod as a tool of active learning in the high school science classroom. [Master’s thesis, Montana State University]. Montana State University Library. https://bit.ly/49FaJXm

Lynch, P., Singal, N., & Francis, G. A. (2022). Educational technology for learners in primary school settings in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic literature review, Educational Review, 76(2), 405-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2022.2035685

MacLeod, M., & Van der Veen, J. T. (2020). Scaffolding interdisciplinary project-based learning: a case study. European Journal of Engineering Education, 45(3), 363-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2019.1646210

Mahanani, P., Akbar, S., Kamaruddin, A. Y. B., & Hussin, Z. B. (2022). Educational analysis to develop character in Malaysia and Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15321a

Manikutty, G. (2021). My robot can tell stories: Introducing robotics and physical computing to children using dynamic dioaramas. In Proceedings of 2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 1-9). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE49875.2021.9637460

Marsili, O. (2005). Technology and the size distribution of firms: Evidence from Dutch manufacturing. Review of Industrial Organization, 27, 303-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11151-005-5053-z

Mee, R. W. M., Shahdan, T. S. T., Ismail, M. R., Ghani, K. A., Pek, L. S., Von, W. Y., Woo, A., & Rao, Y. S. (2020). Role of gamification in classroom teaching: Pre-service teachers’ view. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(3), 684-690. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i3.20622

Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2013). Malaysia education blueprint 2013-2025. https://bit.ly/49ykqXP

Nickerson, L. A., & Shea, K. M. (2020). First-semester organic chemistry during COVID- 19: Prioritizing group work, flexibility, and student engagement. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 3201-3205. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00674

Noh, S. C., & Karim, A. M. A. (2021). Design thinking mindset to enhance education 4.0 competitiveness in Malaysia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(2), 494-501. http://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i2.20988

Noyes, J., Booth, A., Moore, G., Flemming, K., Tunçalp, Ö., & Shakibazadeh, E. (2019). Synthesising quantitative and qualitative evidence to inform guidelines on complex interventions: clarifying the purposes, designs and outlining some methods. BMJ Global Health, 4(1), Article e000893. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000893

Osman, K., Soh, T. M. T., & Arsad, N. M. (2012). M-21CSI: A validated 21st century skills instrument for secondary science students. Asian Social Science, 8(16), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v8n16p38

Palazón-Herrera, J., & Soria-Vílchez, A. (2021). Students’ perception and academic performance in an educational technology model within Early Childhood Education Degree. Heliyon, 7(4), Article e06702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06702

Papadakis, S., Vaiopoulou, J., Sifaki, E., Stamovlasis, D., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2021). Attitudes towards the use of educational robotics: Exploring pre-service and in-service early childhood teacher profiles. Education Sciences, 11(5), Article 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11050204

Parker, R., & Thomsen, B. S. (2019). Learning through play at school: A study of playful integrated pedagogies that foster children’s holistic skills development in the primary school classroom. The LEGO Foundation. https://bit.ly/3xzpJc5

Perets, E. A., Chabeda, D., Gong, A. Z., Huang, X., Fung, T. S., Ng, K. Y., Bathgate, M., & Yan, E. C. Y. (2020). Impact of the emergency transition to remote teaching on student engagement in a non-STEM undergraduate chemistry course in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Chemical Education, 97(9), 2439-2447. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00879

Purba, R. A. (2021). The effectiveness combination of blended learning and flipped classroom with Edmodo as a digital media innovation for learning from home. Journal of Education Technology, 5(3), 434-442. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i3.36210

Rogers, C., & Portsmore, M. (2004). Bringing engineering to elementary school. Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research, 5(3), 17-28. https://bit.ly/4d1vyPG

Rogers, J., & Révész, A. (2019). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs. In J. McKinley & H. Rose (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics (pp. 133-143). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367824471

Rusdin, N. M. (2018). Teachers’ readiness in implementing 21st-century learning. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8(4), 1271-1284. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v8-i4/4270

Saad, M. S. B., & Sharif, S. B. (2018). Effectiveness of game robot learning to students achievement for respiration topic. World Journal of Management and Behavioral Studies, 6(2), 15-22. https://idosi.org/wjmbs/6(2)18/2.pdf  

Salamondra, T. (2021). Effective communication in schools. BU Journal of Graduate Studies in Education, 13(1), 22-26. https://bit.ly/3Q5OP8K

Selby, N. S., Ng, J., Stump, G. S., Westerman, G., Traweek, C., & Asada, H. H. (2021). TeachBot: Towards teaching robotics fundamentals for human-robot collaboration at work. Heliyon, 7(7), Article e07583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07583

Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752. https://bit.ly/3VVC8kM

Shih, B.-Y., Chen, T.-H., Wang, S.-M., & Chen, C.-Y. (2013). The exploration of applying LEGO NXT in the situated science and technology learning. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 12(1), 73-91. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/13.12.73

Sima, V., Gheorghe, I. G., Subi, J., & Nancu, D. (2020). Influences of the industry 4.0 revolution on the human capital development and consumer behavior: A Systematic Review. Sustainability 12(10), Article 4035. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104035

Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, Z., Jia, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, N., & Liu, W. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for acute posttraumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 283, 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.050

Tsai, M.-N., Liao, Y.-F., Chang, Y.-L., & Chen, H.-C. (2020). A brainstorming flipped classroom approach for improving students’ learning performance, motivation, teacher-student interaction and creativity in a civics education class. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 38, Article 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100747

Tsakeni, M. (2021). Preservice teachers’ use of computational thinking to facilitate inquiry-based practical work in multiple-deprived classrooms. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 17(1), Article em1933. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/9574

Tubbs, S. L., & Moss, S. (2003). Human communication: Principles and contexts (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Van Alten, D. C. D., Phielix, C., Janssen, J., & Kester, L. (2020). Self-regulated learning support in flipped learning videos enhances learning outcomes. Computers and Education, 158, Article 104000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104000

Verderber, R. F., & Verderber, K. S. (2002). Communicate! Wadsworth.

Walser, N. (2008). Teaching 21st century skills. Harvard Education Letter, 24(5), 1-3. https://bit.ly/442xi77

Yang, D., & Baldwin, S. J. (2020). Using technology to support student learning in an integrated STEM learning environment. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 4(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.v4i1.22

Zhang, Y., Luo, R., Zhu, Y., & Yin, Y. (2021). Educational robots improve K-12 students’ computational thinking and STEM attitudes: Systematic review. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(7), 1450-1481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633121994070

Zheng, B., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Self-regulated learning: the effect on medical student learning outcomes in a flipped classroom environment. BMC Medical Education, 20, Article 100. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02023-6