Facing the Inevitable: The Effects of Coronavirus Disease Pandemic and Online Teaching on Teachers’ Self-Efficacy, Workload and Job Satisfaction
Éva Szabó , Kitti Kóródi , Erzsébet Szél , Balázs Jagodics
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) preventive measures influenced teachers directly. The sudden shift to new teaching environment emerged unknown challeng.
- Pub. date: January 15, 2022
- Pages: 151-162
- 1034 Downloads
- 1160 Views
- 6 Citations
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) preventive measures influenced teachers directly. The sudden shift to new teaching environment emerged unknown challenges influencing teachers’ work differently. As self-efficacy is a key factor of successful teaching, the goal of our study was to examine the relationship among teachers’ efficacy-related experiences, work satisfaction and workload during the pandemic. 769 teachers (55 men and 677 female, 32 undefined) completed the online version of the Norwegian Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale and the Relative Self-Efficacy Scale. Findings indicated significant positive correlation between job satisfaction and self-efficacy as well as job satisfaction and the sense of competency. Kruskal-Wallis Test proved higher level of self-efficacy among teachers with more experience in online teaching in the past. According to SEM analysis, job satisfaction is predicted by efficacy beliefs concerning the sense of competence, motivation, coping and conflict resolution. Our findings indicate that experience in online teaching methods can enhance self-efficacy, which contributes to higher job satisfaction.
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, job satisfaction, online teaching, self-efficacy, workload.
References
Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2014). Grade change: Tracking online education in the United States. The Sloan Consortium.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. W.H. Freeman.
Besser, A., Lotem, S., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2020). Psychological Stress and Vocal Symptoms Among University Professors in Israel: Implications of the Shift to Online Synchronous Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Voice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.05.028
Bong, M., & Skaalvik, E. M. (2003). Academic self-concept and self-efficacy: How different are they really? Educational Psychology Review, 15(1), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021302408382
Bottiani, J. H., Duran, C. A. K., Pas, E. T., & Bradshaw, C. P. (2019). Teacher stress and burnout in urban middle schools: Associations with job demands, resources, and effective classroom practices. Journal of School Psychology, 77, 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2019.10.002
Brunetto, Y., Teo, S. T. T., Shacklock, K., & Farr-Wharton, R. (2012). Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, well-being and engagement: Explaining organisational commitment and turnover intentions in policing: Emotional intelligence, well-being and engagement. Human Resource Management Journal, 22(4), 428–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2012.00198.x
Burić, I., & Kim, L. E. (2020). Teacher self-efficacy, instructional quality, and student motivational beliefs: An analysis using multilevel structural equation modeling. Learning and Instruction, 66, 101302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101302
Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Steca, P., & Malone, P. S. (2006). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of job satisfaction and students’ academic achievement: A study at the school level. Journal of School Psychology, 44(6), 473–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.09.001
Ghaith, G., & Yaghi, H. (1997). Relationships among experience, teacher efficacy, and attitudes toward the implementation of instructional innovation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 13(4), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(96)00045-5
Greenglass, E. R., Burke, R. J., & Fiksenbaum, L. (2001). Workload and burnout in nurses. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 11(3), 211–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.614
Guskey, T. R. (1988). Teacher efficacy, self-concept, and attitudes toward the implementation of instructional innovation. Teaching and Teacher Education, 4(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0742-051X(88)90025-X
Hagemeister, A., & Volmer, J. (2018). Do social conflicts at work affect employees’ job satisfaction?: The moderating role of emotion regulation. International Journal of Conflict Management, 29(2), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-11-2016-0097
Hakanen, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006). Burnout and work engagement among teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 495–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2005.11.001
Harman, H. H. (1976). Modern Factor Analysis. The University of Chicago Press.
Harun, Åž. (2017). Emotional intelligence and self-esteem as predictors of teacher self-efficacy. Educational Research and Reviews, 12(22), 1107–1111. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2017.3385
Heyder, A. (2019). Teachers’ beliefs about the determinants of student achievement predict job satisfaction and stress. Teaching and Teacher Education, 86, 102926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102926
Hoy, A. W., & Spero, R. B. (2005). Changes in teacher efficacy during the early years of teaching: A comparison of four measures. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(4), 343–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.01.007
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
Hughes, J., & Kwok, O. (2007). Influence of student-teacher and parent-teacher relationships on lower achieving readers’ engagement and achievement in the primary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.39
Jamovi Project. (2019). Jamovi. https://www.jamovi.org
JASP Team. (2020). JASP (Version 0.14.1) [Computer software]. https://jasp-stats.org/
Kanadli, S. (2017). Prospective Teachers’ Professional Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Terms of Their Perceived Autonomy Support and Attitudes towards the Teaching Profession: A Mixed Methods Study. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 17(5), 1847-1871. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.5.0597
Kelchtermans, G. (2005). Teachers’ emotions in educational reforms: Self-understanding, vulnerable commitment and micropolitical literacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 995–1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2005.06.009
Kóródi, K., Jagodics, B., & Szabó, É. (2020). Az észlelt tanári hatékonyságot befolyásoló tényezÅ‘k vizsgálata a kényszerű digitális oktatás idÅ‘szakában (1. rész).: A Tanári Énhatékonyság KérdÅ‘ív és a Relatív Énhatékonyság KérdÅ‘ív pszichometriai vizsgálata. [Factors Related to Perceived Teacher Self-efficacy During Online Teaching (1st part): The Psychometric Properties of the Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale and the Relative Self-Efficacy Scale.] Iskolakultúra, 30(10), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.14232/ISKKULT.2020.10.38
Little, M., & Kobak, R. (2003). Emotional security with teachers and children’s stress reactivity: A comparison of special-education and regular-education classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32(1), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3201_12
Liu, H., Zhang, X., Chang, R., & Wang, W. (2017). A research regarding the relationship among intensive care nurses’ self-esteem, job satisfaction and subjective well-being. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 4(3), 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2017.06.008
Liu, S., Kim, K. J., Bonk, C. J., & Magjuka, R. (2007). What do online MBA professors have to say about online teaching? Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 10(2).
McCormack, A., & Thomas, K. (2003). Is Survival Enough? Induction experiences of beginning teachers within a New South Wales context. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 31(2), 125–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598660301610
Mintz, J., Hick, P., Solomon, Y., Matziari, A., Ó’Murchú, F., Hall, K., Cahill, K., Curtin, C., Anders, J., & Margariti, D. (2020). The reality of reality shock for inclusion: How does teacher attitude, perceived knowledge and self-efficacy in relation to effective inclusion in the classroom change from the pre-service to novice teacher year? Teaching and Teacher Education, 91, 103042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103042
Molero-Jurado, M. M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. D. C., Atria, L., Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2019). Burnout, Perceived Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction: Perception of the Educational Context in High School Teachers. BioMed Research International, 2019, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1021408
Molnár, G. (2015). Teaching and learning in modern digital environment. In A. Szakál (Ed.), IEEE 13th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics (pp. 213–217). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1109/SAMI.2015.7061878
Olivier, E., Archambault, I., De Clercq, M., & Galand, B. (2019). Student self-efficacy, classroom engagement, and academic achievement: comparing three theoretical frameworks. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(2), 326–340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0952-0
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020a). Teaching hours (indicator). https://doi.org/10.1787/af23ce9b-en
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020b). TALIS 2018 Results (Volume II): Teachers and School Leaders as Valued Professionals. https://doi.org/10.1787/19cf08df-en
Perera, H. N., & John, J. E. (2020). Teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs for teaching math: Relations with teacher and student outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101842
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Shea, P. (2007). Bridges and barriers to teaching online college courses: A study of experienced online faculty in thirty-six colleges. Online Learning, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v11i2.1728
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2007). Dimensions of teacher self-efficacy and relations with strain factors, perceived collective teacher efficacy, and teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3), 611–625. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.611
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2009). Does school context matter? Relations with teacher burnout and job satisfaction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(3), 518–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2008.12.006
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2010). Teacher self-efficacy and teacher burnout: A study of relations. Teaching and Teacher Education, 26(4), 1059–1069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.11.001
Skaalvik, E. M., & Skaalvik, S. (2014). Teacher self-sfficacy and perceived autonomy: relations with teacher engagement, job satisfaction, and emotional exhaustion. Psychological Reports, 114(1), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.2466/14.02.PR0.114k14w0
Tschannen-Moran, M., & Hoy, A. W. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783–805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1
TürkoÄŸlu, M. E., Cansoy, R., & Parlar, H. (2017). Examining relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy and job satisfaction. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5(5), 765–772. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050509
Van Droogenbroeck, F., Spruyt, B., & Vanroelen, C. (2014). Burnout among senior teachers: Investigating the role of workload and interpersonal relationships at work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 43, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2014.07.005
Wang, Y., Huang, Q., Davison, R. M., & Yang, F. (2021). Role stressors, job satisfaction, and employee creativity: The cross-level moderating role of social media use within teams. Information & Management, 58(3), 103317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2020.103317
Yürür, S., & Sarikaya, M. (2012). The effects of workload, role ambiguity, and social support on burnout among social workers in Turkey. Administration in Social Work, 36(5), 457–478. https://doi.org/10.1080/03643107.2011.613365